A Comprehensive Guide to Chlorthalidone: Uses, Mechanism of Action, Side Effects, and Synthesis"

 Ciprofloxacin 

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Ciprofloxacin is a light yellow crystalline powder, which is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol. The molecular weight of ciprofloxacin is 334.3gm/mol. This drug is more effective against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria. It is also known as, Cipro IV, Ciproxima, Cipro XR, Ciprobay, Ciprofloxacino, Cetraxal, Cipromycin, Ciproquinol, etc.

■Structure:-

The molecular formula of ciprofloxacin is,  [C17H18FN3O3]

         The IUPAC name of ciprofloxacin is 1-cyclopropyl-6-Fluro-4-oxo-7-piperazine-1-ylquinoline-3-                                                            carboxylic acid.

■Synthesis:-

■Mechanism of action:-

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is active against gram-negative bacteria.

It acts as bacterial topoisomerase 2 and topoisomerase 4. It targets the alpha subunit of DNA gyrase,  which prevents it from supercoiling the bacterial DNA that prevents DNA replication, transcription, and recombination.

■Uses:-

It is used in the treatment of infections like bones and joints infection, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, etc.

■Side-effects:-

The overdose of ciprofloxacin causes several Side-effects they are,

1. Diarrhea. 
2. Headache. 
3. Abdominal pain.
4. Drowsiness.
5. Dizziness.
6. Stomach upset.
7. Nausea.
8. Vomiting.
9. Blurred vision. 

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